TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

  Symbol Rate Calculator Tool Data Rate (DR): bps kbps Mbps Gbps Modulation Factor (m): BPSK QPSK 8PSK 8QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM Forward Eror Correction (FEC): 1/4 1/3 2/5 1/2 3/5 2/3 3/4 4/5 5/6 8/9 CALCULATE Symbol Rate: Symbol & Baud Rate Information Symbol Rate or Baudrate is the number of symbol changes per second made to the signal. According to the modulation coding method (MODCOD) used each symbol can represent 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. bits of transmission rate data. So for example, when BPSK modulation is used the symbol rate is the same as the bit rate because 1 bit of data is transmitted per symbol. The rate at which symbols are transmitted is the baud rate. SR  – Symbol Rate FEC  –  Forward Error Correction DR  – Data Rate m  – Modulation Factor sps  – Symbols per second Bits per Symbol ( modulation  factor) BPSK = 1 QPSK = 2 8PSK = 3 8QAM or 8APSK= 3 16QAM or 16 APSK = 4 32QAM or 32 APSK = 5 64QAM or 64 APSK = 6 128QAM or 128 APSK = 7 256QAM or 256 APSK = 8 Symbol R

 https://www.everythingrf.com/rf-calculators/dbm-to-watts

  For unlisted values: L-band = Ku-band – LO L-band = LO – C-band L-band = Ka-band – LO Highly used segments (these are for guidance, not fully accurate) ITU Region 1 Fixed Satellite Service (11.7 – 12.2Ghz) ITU Region 1 Broadcasting Satellite Service (12.2 – 12.7Ghz) ITU Region 2 Fixed Satellite Service (11.45 – 11.7Ghz, 12.5 – 12.75Ghz) ITU Region 2 Broadcasting Satellite Service (11.7 – 12.5Ghz) Uncommonly used in this band

  What is Antenna Polarization? Antenna polarization is the orientation of its dipole or dipoles.  This orientation (or polarization) affects, in turn, the orientation of the electromagnetic field and the radio waves that the antenna transmits through space. Confused?  Try thinking of it this way: Inside the housing of any antenna is a metal rod or two. The first rod ‘sends’, or  transmits , radio waves out.  The second rod  receives  radio waves.  (An antenna with a single rod will switch between roles). The polarisation of an antenna refers to the orientation of these rods to the ground.   What Does Cross-Polarized Mean? Cross-polarization, then, is when an antenna’s dipoles (the metal ‘rods’ we’ve been referring to) form a plus (+) sign or a cross (x) shape.  IE, they’re oriented at right angles (90º) to each other. What Does Co-Polarized Mean? Co-polarization is when an antenna’s two dipoles are oriented in the same direction.  For example, a linear, horizontally polarized paraboli

  There are few things more frustrating than sitting down to watch your TV programme only to find that you have poor or no signal message pop up on the screen, this may be accompanied with blocky pictures & pixelation and you look outside to find to see that it’s raining. You may be wondering, why does my satellite/ Sky signal go off in rain? And what can I do to stop this? In this blog, I discuss why this happens and offer some suggestions to stop this happening anymore, or at least dramatically reduce it. Let's begin.   Rain Fade Explained The negative effect that rain has on satellite signals is called rain-fade. This refers to the absorption of a radio/ microwave signal by atmospheric conditions, such as rain, ice, snow. As the satellites for satellite and Sky TV are in space the signals need to pass through this before it reaches your satellite dish, which in turn feeds your satellite receiver which needs to be at an acceptable level for reliable reception. Now, the greate

  Assessment Guidelines The VSAT Installer Certification assessment consists of  30 questions to be answered in 60 minutes . The questions are multiple-choice (single and multiple answers), arranged correctly, filling in the blank, and true or false statements. You will need to score over 80% to pass and attempt the exam a maximum of 3 times. If you fail to pass the exam on your 3rd attempt, you will have to enroll for the certification again. You will receive your Certified VSAT Installer certificate after you have passed the assessment, which you can download from your user account. Take your time and read the question carefully. Good luck! Certified VSAT Installer Assessment Question  1 of 30 FINISH QUIZ 58:53 1. What is the typical latency of a VSAT link? INFORMATION You are using a Galaxy 18 (G-18) which is a geostationary satellite at 123°W.   Certified VSAT Installer Assessment Question  1 of 30 FINISH QUIZ 58:12 1. What is the typical latency of a VSAT link? INFORMATION You are